Thermodynamics

ISBN 978-0-9935483-2-1

My text on Thermodynamics, an examination of the mathematical structure behind the subject, was completed and published in the late summer of 2019. It took a little longer than originally planned, partly because of other pressing work.

The book falls into three parts, the first dealing with the historical background (to which the entire first chapter is devoted) and the theoretical development up to and including the concept of the entropy state function, the introduction of which was only properly justified by Caratheodory some fifty years later. The development gives prominence to the non-equilibrium or microscopic model, in contrast to most basic texts which develop only the macroscopic or extensive variables form.

The second part develops the statistical mechanical interpretation of the subject, beginning with a fairly mathematically mature introduction to quantum mechanics, as the Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistical models are crucial here. This part starts with a quick review of probability and information theory.

The third part covers much of the main “stuff” of most undergraduate courses, treating chemical reactions, phase changes and the phase rule, and electrochemistry before closing the book with a chapter on engines, leading up from piston engines through jet engines to rockets.

I’ve avoided being overly polemical in this book; most of thermal physics is fairly well accepted, but I do hint at some reservations about the introduction of concepts that were, especially at the time, not entirely justified by empirical results. In particular, I lay stress on E T Jaynes’s outstanding insight into the true significance of probabilistic concepts in physics.

The final Table of Contents appears below, and, FYI, below that appears the state of it in the summer of 2018!

Thermodynamics

ISBN 978-0-9935483-2-1

This was the state of the text when this website was being constructed in mid 2018. You can see that the entire framework of the book was already in place by this time (March 2018) although publication was not to happen until October 2019.

Table of Contents

Part I    1

Phenomenological Fundamentals               1

Chapter 1            3

Historical Origins            3

1.1 Background         3

1.2 Developments in Chemistry               8

1.3 The Swiss Family Bernoulli and Euler               11

1.4 Sadi Carnot          14

1.5 The Ideal Gas Equation      20

1.6 Phases and Latent Heats   33

1.7 The Speed of Sound            33

Chapter 2            37

Towards an Axiomatic Model       37

2.1 Introduction         37

2.2 Entropy The Callen Model             39

2.3 Rational Thermodynamics 48

2.4 Further Development and the Gibbs-Duhem
Relation
  51

2.5 Carathéodory and Integrating Factors            54

Chapter 3            57

Towards a Field Theory 57

3.1 Introduction         57

3.2 Chemical Reactions             61

3.3 Differential Forms for Fields              62

3.4 Affinities and Fluxes           66

3.5 Fluid Mechanics again       66

3.6 The Energy Equation          73

3.7 The Entropy Equation         75

3.8 Other Terms in the Energy Equation                76

3.9 Onsager Reciprocal Relations           78

Chapter 4            79

Synthesis          79

4.1 Fundamental Entities         79

4.2 Variations             86

Part II   91

The Statistical Interpretation        91

Chapter 5            93

Probability       93

5.1 The Basics             93

5.2 Product Spaces    96

5.3 Sample Subspaces and Conditional
Probability
            98

5.4 Bayes’s Theorem 101

5.5 Random Variables              103

5.6 Expected Values  105

5.7 Combinations and Permutations     107

5.8 Special Distributions           112

Chapter 6            117

Information      117

6.1 The Definition      117

6.2 Basic Applications               119

6.3 Basic Properties of H           124

6.4 H(P) for Joint and Conditional
Distributions
   127

6.5 Information over Continuous Manifolds         128

6.6 The Maximum Entropy Principle       133

6.7 Boltzmann’s H-Theorem     136

Chapter 7            139

Foundations of Quantum Theory 139

7.1 Statistical Physics                139

7.2 The Hilbert Space Model    145

7.3 Atomic Spectra and the Origins of the
New Quantum Theory
     154

7.4 Heisenberg’s Breakthrough               158

7.5 Lie Theory             168

7.6 Dirac’s Synthesis  177

7.7 Continuous Eigenvalues    187

7.8 Angular Momentum           193

7.9 Doubts and Questions       203

Chapter 8            205

The Quantum Statistical Model    205

8.1 Multiplicities        205

8.2 A Definitive Model              210

8.3 Thermodynamic Quantities and
Probabilities
                214

8.4 The Boltzmann Distribution               221

8.5 Phase Space and the Partition Function         228

8.6 The Gibbs Grand Sum         232

8.7 Quantum Concentration and the
Sackur-Tetrode Equation
         234

8.8 The Gibbs Paradox             238

Chapter 9            239

Quantum Fluids               239

9.1 Introduction: Fermi-Dirac and
Bose-Einstein Statistics
  239

9.2 A More Complete Analysis                242

9.3 The Classical Approximation             246

9.4 The Density of States          249

9.5 The Fermi Gas      251

9.6 Bosons and Bose-Einstein Condensation        256

Chapter 10          261

Radiation          261

10.1 The Planck Radiation Law               261

10.2 Phonons and the Heat Capacities of
Solids
  264

10.3 Radiation Pressure           267

10.4 The Thermodynamics of Radiation                271

Part III  275

THE STANDARD Applications        275

Chapter 11          277

Chemical Reactions        277

11.1 Internal and External Sources of
Entropy Change
       277

11.2 A Deeper Look at Affinities             280

11.3 Pressures, Concentrations and
Activities
       284

11.4 The Gibbs Free Energy      288

11.5 Chemical Equilibrium       290

11.6 The van’t Hoff Equation  295

11.7 Reaction Kinetics               296

11.8 The Michaelis-Menten Mechanism                301

11.9 Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Chemical
Oscillations
307

Chapter 12          309

Phases              309

12.1 The Phase Rule  309

12.2 Energy Changes with Change of Phase        319

12.3 Critical Points    321

12.4 The Critical Point Problem               322

12.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 323

12.6 Osmosis              326

12.7 Ionic Solutions   328

Chapter 13          329

Electrochemistry            329

13.1 Introduction       329

13.2 The Electrochemical Cell   330

13.3 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Nernst
Equation
    336

13.4 Concentration Cells          339

13.5 Recent Developments       342

13.6 Acids and Bases                346

Chapter 14          355

Engines             355

14.1 Cycles  355

14.2 The Standard or Carnot Cycle         358

14.3 Steam and the Rankine Cycle         361

14.4 Petrol or Gasoline Engines and the
Otto Cycle
             368

References and Index    371

Select Bibliography        371

Index 373